{"id":180,"date":"2021-03-30T13:42:44","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T13:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/nuevaweb\/?page_id=180"},"modified":"2021-06-09T16:26:10","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T16:26:10","slug":"minicomputadores","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/minicomputadores\/","title":{"rendered":"Minicomputadors"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-4 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.35.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.35.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"4899\" class=\"wp-image-4899\" 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https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.39-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audiosmuseu.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4073\" width=\"166\" height=\"109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audiosmuseu.png 912w, https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audiosmuseu-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audiosmuseu-768x505.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:80%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Audio-5-CEC-Minicomputadors-VAL.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fins a la d\u00e8cada de 1960 les computadores, a causa de la seua grand\u00e0ria, necessitaven de grans infraestructures i personal t\u00e8cnic per a la seua instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 i manteniment. Aquestes computadores, anomenades tamb\u00e9 \u201cmainframes\u201d, eren administrades habitualment en r\u00e8gim de lloguer, i empleades per institucions p\u00fabliques i privades, per a processar enormes volums d&#8217;informaci\u00f3, com per exemple el cens o els sistemes de reserva d&#8217;aerol\u00ednies.&nbsp;\u00c9s llavors quan apareix el concepte de \u201cminicomputador\u201d com una versi\u00f3 redu\u00efda i m\u00e9s assequible per a la mitjana empresa. L&#8217;impacte d&#8217;aquesta mena de computadores en l&#8217;activitat empresarial va ser enorme, ja que va permetre reduir el temps necessari per a processar la informaci\u00f3, de setmanes a unes poques hores, millorant els processos de decisi\u00f3 i estalviant costos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Una opini\u00f3 de consens de l&#8217;\u00e8poca establia que una minicomputadora era \u201cuna m\u00e0quina amb capacitat d&#8217;entrada\/eixida mitjan\u00e7ant teletip o targetes perforades, d&#8217;un m\u00ednim de 4000 (4K) posicions de mem\u00f2ria, capa\u00e7 d&#8217;executar programes d&#8217;alt nivell (BASIC o FORTRAN) i de cost inferior a 25.000 d\u00f2lars. Aquest preu representava el cost d&#8217;una casa en aquell temps.&nbsp;Habitualment la configuraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;entrada\/eixida consistia en una lectora de cintes o targetes perforades i una impressora de l\u00ednies, am\u00e9n d&#8217;altres dispositius externs com clasificadoras i perforadores de targetes. La mem\u00f2ria principal s&#8217;implementava amb nuclis de ferrita.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No hi ha acord en quin va ser el primer computador d&#8217;aquesta tipologia. Diferents empreses van desenvolupar aquesta classe de m\u00e0quines: els primers computadors de Control Data Corporation, CDC, com el CDC-160 o els famosos PDP-8 i PDP-11 de Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC.&nbsp;Per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 va haver-hi altres empreses com Data General o la menys coneguda Wang Laboratories. L&#8217;empresa IBM, l\u00edder llavors del mercat, va presentar el seu System\/3 en 1969, any en qu\u00e8 l&#8217;Apol\u00b7lo 11 va arribar a la Lluna, i va mantindre una interessant l\u00ednia de productes (System\/32, System\/34, System\/38, \u2026) que va culminar amb el llan\u00e7ament de l&#8217;IBM AS\/400 quasi vint anys despr\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&#8217;IBM System\/3 va marcar una fita en el disseny de targetes perforades, perqu\u00e8 manejava un nou format m\u00e9s compacte i al mateix temps amb m\u00e9s capacitat d&#8217;emmagatzematge. Podia tindre fins a 32000 (32K) posicions de mem\u00f2ria i el preu de lloguer b\u00e0sic rondava els 1.000 d\u00f2lars al mes i inclo\u00efa el servei d&#8217;actualitzaci\u00f3 i manteniment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Els elements auxiliars com clasificadoras i programes es llogaven per separat. Entorn del computador, situat en una sala especialment dissenyada per a ell, es desplegava un ampli ventall de persones i professions: l&#8217;operador de manteniment, que l&#8217;encenia durant el dia i l&#8217;apagava a la nit, l&#8217;analista que dissenyava el sistema complet de gesti\u00f3 de la informaci\u00f3 per a l&#8217;empresa, el programador que escrivia el codi m\u00e9s espec\u00edfic i l&#8217;adaptava a plantilles perqu\u00e8, finalment, la perforista (solien ser dones) ho traslladara a targetes perforades.&nbsp;La manera d&#8217;operaci\u00f3 consistia en un programa que, c\u00edclicament, llegia dades codificades en un conjunt de targetes i els processava per a obtindre algun tipus de resum, el qual s&#8217;imprimia en l&#8217;eixida (impressora o perforadora de targetes).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aquesta manera de processament tamb\u00e9 inclo\u00efa la compilaci\u00f3 de programes. Aix\u00ed, usar el compilador del llenguatge RPG II de l&#8217;IBM System\/3 suposava diferents etapes. Primer, el compilador, seguit del programa font, es carregaven en el sistema a partir de targetes: el resultat era un programa \u201cobjecte\u201d que es perforava en un nou lot de targetes. El proc\u00e9s es repetia en una segona fase: el compilador processava aquest programa objecte i obtenia un lot de targetes amb el programa executable. Finalment, per a executar aquest \u00faltim programa, havia d&#8217;introduir-se de nou en el computador seguit, ara s\u00ed, del lot de targetes amb les dades. El temps necessari per a fer aquesta tasca per a un programa de grand\u00e0ria mitjana i amb abs\u00e8ncia d&#8217;errors era d&#8217;una hora.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&#8217;oc\u00e0s dels minicomputadores es va deure a diversos factors: l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de microprocessadors i mem\u00f2ries semiconductores de baix cost, la disponibilitat de sistemes operatius com Unix i de xarxes d&#8217;\u00e0rea local de f\u00e0cil instal\u00b7laci\u00f3, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 el desig dels usuaris d&#8217;abandonar la depend\u00e8ncia de fabricants poc flexibles.&nbsp;Com a resultat, a la fi de 1980 els usuaris van anar substituint els minicomputadores per altres sistemes inform\u00e0tics basats en estacions de treball o \u201cworkstations\u201d interconnectades, servidors de fitxers i ordinadors personals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fins a la d\u00e8cada de 1960 les computadores, a causa de la seua grand\u00e0ria, necessitaven de grans infraestructures i personal t\u00e8cnic per a la seua instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 i manteniment. Aquestes computadores, anomenades tamb\u00e9 \u201cmainframes\u201d, eren administrades habitualment en r\u00e8gim de lloguer, i empleades per institucions p\u00fabliques i privades, per a processar enormes volums d&#8217;informaci\u00f3, com per [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-180","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=180"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8506,"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/180\/revisions\/8506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/va\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}